A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test is a common diagnostic tool used to measure the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland. PSA levels can provide valuable insight into prostate health. While small amounts of PSA are normally present in the blood, elevated levels can indicate potential issues such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, or, most notably, prostate cancer.
“The PSA test is primarily used for two purposes: screening for prostate cancer in men, particularly those over 50 or with a family history of the disease, and monitoring existing prostate conditions in individuals who have already been diagnosed with prostate cancer or other prostate issues. An abnormal PSA result doesn’t necessarily confirm cancer, but it may lead to further testing to determine the cause. This test plays an important role in detecting issues early, allowing for more effective management and treatment options.” says Dr Tang, our private GP.
What do PSA levels tell us about prostate health?
PSA levels are measured through a simple blood test. Normally, the levels of PSA in the blood are low, but when the prostate becomes inflamed or enlarged, or in cases of prostate cancer, these levels may rise. A PSA test is not exclusive to cancer detection but can provide important indicators of a person’s prostate health. Elevated levels can suggest issues such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatitis, or prostate cancer, with the higher levels often being associated with more severe or advanced conditions. Further diagnostic tests are usually required to confirm the underlying cause.
When is a PSA level considered high?
PSA levels typically range as follows:
Normal: PSA levels under 4 ng/mL
Elevated: PSA levels between 4 and 10 ng/mL
High risk: PSA levels above 10 ng/mL
An elevated PSA level doesn’t automatically mean cancer, but it can be an indication that further investigations are required. A biopsy may be recommended to rule out or confirm prostate cancer if the levels are significantly raised. The interpretation of PSA levels also depends on age and other health factors.
Factors affecting PSA levels
PSA readings can be influenced by various factors, including age, as PSA levels tend to rise with age, and medications such as those used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or erectile dysfunction. Other influences include urinary tract infections, recent sexual activity, or procedures like a prostate exam. It's important to take these factors into account when interpreting PSA test results.
The role of PSA testing in prostate cancer screening
PSA testing plays a crucial role in the early detection of prostate cancer, often identifying elevated PSA levels before symptoms appear. When combined with other prostate health monitoring tools such as digital rectal exams and prostate MRIs, PSA testing offers a valuable early warning system for men, especially those over 50 or with a family history of prostate cancer. It’s important to remember that a raised PSA level alone does not confirm cancer; it may indicate other prostate issues like benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostatitis. As part of a comprehensive approach, PSA testing helps doctors evaluate risk and determine if further testing, such as a prostate MRI or biopsy, is necessary to confirm the presence of cancer.
The benefits of PSA testing
PSA testing offers several key benefits, such as the ability to detect prostate cancer early, when it may be easier to treat. It also helps monitor the progress of prostate conditions over time, allowing for timely interventions. Additionally, it can give individuals peace of mind if their results are normal. Because each person’s health is unique, it's essential to discuss your options and risks with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate approach for you.
How PSA test results are evaluated
PSA test results are typically analysed by comparing the total PSA levels in the blood with the amount of free PSA (the portion of PSA that isn’t bound to proteins). The ratio of free PSA to total PSA can help in distinguishing between benign conditions like an enlarged prostate and prostate cancer. Individual risk factors such as age, family history, and previous test results are also considered when evaluating PSA levels.
It usually takes a few days for PSA test results to be analysed, after which a healthcare provider will interpret the findings and advise on next steps.
"Interpreting PSA test results involves considering various factors, and a higher PSA level doesn’t automatically mean prostate cancer. Professional guidance is vital to fully understand what the results mean for your health." explains Dr Tang.
Find out more about private PSA testing
Private PSA tests offer the advantage of quick results, privacy, and professional interpretation. These tests play a key role in detecting prostate health issues, including prostate cancer, at an early stage, when treatment options are often more effective. By undergoing a PSA test, you can better understand your prostate health and make informed decisions about further investigations or treatment options.
For more information about Pall Mall's PSA test services, or to schedule an appointment, visit our website and get in touch with our team today.
